@article {Shin2012,
	title = {Molecular phylogeny of black fungus gnats (Diptera: Sciaroidea: Sciaridae) and the evolution of larval habitats},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
	volume = {66},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {-},
	abstract = {<p>The phylogeny of the family Sciaridae is reconstructed, based on maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and Bayesian analyses of 4,809 bp from two mitochondrial (COI and 16S) and two nuclear (18S and 28S) genes for 100 taxa including the outgroup taxa. According to the present phylogenetic analyses, Sciaridae comprise three subfamilies and two genus groups: Sciarinae, Chaetosciara group, Cratyninae, and Pseudolycoriella group + Megalosphyinae. Our molecular results are largely congruent with one of the former hypotheses based on morphological data with respect to the monophyly of genera and subfamilies (Sciarinae, Megalosphyinae, and part of postulated \&ldquo;new subfamily\&rdquo;); however, the subfamily Cratyninae is shown to be polyphyletic, and the genera Bradysia, Corynoptera, Leptosciarella, Lycoriella, and Phytosciara are also recognized as non\&ndash;monophyletic groups. While the ancestral larval habitat state of the family Sciaridae, based on Bayesian inference, is dead plant material (plant litter + rotten wood), the common ancestors of Phytosciara and Bradysia are inferred to living plants habitat. Therefore, shifts in larval habitats from dead plant material to living plants may have occurred within the Sciaridae at least once. Based on the results, we discuss phylogenetic relationships within the family, and present an evolutionary scenario of development of larval habitats.</p>
},
	keywords = {ancestral character states, black fungus gnats, Diptera, larval habitats, molecular phylogeny, Sciaridae, Systematics},
	issn = {1055-7903},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ympev.2012.11.008},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S105579031200440X?v=s5},
	author = {Seunggwan Shin and Sunghoon Jung and Menzel, Frank and Heller, Kai and Heungsik Lee and Seunghwan Lee}
}
@article {43674,
	title = {Distribution and phylogenetic relationships of Australian glow-worms Arachnocampa (Diptera, Keroplatidae)},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
	volume = {48},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {506-514},
	abstract = {Glow-worms are bioluminescent fly larvae (Order Diptera, genus Arachnocampa) found only in Australia and New Zealand. Their core habitat is rainforest gullies and wet caves. Eight species are present in Australia; five of them have been recently described. The geographic distribution of species in Australia encompasses the montane regions of the eastern Australian coastline from the Wet Tropics region of northern Queensland to the cool temperate and montane rainforests of southern Australia and Tasmania. Phylogenetic trees based upon partial sequences of the mitochondrial genes cytochrome oxidase 11 and 16S mtDNA show that populations tend to be clustered into allopatric geographic groups showing overall concordance with the known species distributions. The deepest division is between the cool-adapted southern subgenus, Lucifera, and the more widespread subgenus, Campara. Lucifera comprises the sister groups, A. tasmaniensis, from Tasmania and the newly described species, A. buffaloensis, found in a high-altitude cave at Mt Buffalo in the Australian Alps in Victoria. The remaining Australian glow-worms in subgenus Campara are distributed in a swathe of geographic clusters that extend from the Wet Tropics in northern Queensland to the temperate forests of southern Victoria. Samples from caves and rainforests within any one geographic location tended to cluster together within a clade. We suggest that the morphological differences between hypogean (cave) and epigean (surface) glow-worm larvae are facultative adaptations to local microclimatic conditions rather than due to the presence of cryptic species in caves. Crown copyright [copyright] 2008 Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
	url = {http://www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/2000_/Baker\&al_2008_MolPhylogEvol_Arachnocampa.pdf},
	author = {Baker, Claire H. and Graham, Glenn C. and Scott, Kirsten D. and Cameron, Stephen L. and Yeates, David K. and Merritt, David J.}
}
@article {26773,
	title = { Parallel floral adaptations to pollination by fungus gnats within the genus Mitella (Saxifragaceae)},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
	volume = {46},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {560-575},
	abstract = {The widespread pattern of parallel flower evolution as an adaptation for particular pollinator agents, known as "pollination syndromes", has long drawn attention from evolutionary biologists. Here, we report parallel evolution of saucer-shaped flowers and an associated unusual pollination system within the lineage Heucherina, a group of saxifragaceous genera. Field observations reveal that 18 of 28 plant species studied are pollinated almost exclusively by fungus gnats (Mycetophilidae). Among the 18 species with a fungus-gnat pollination system, 13 have characteristic saucer-shaped flowers and are pollinated mainly by several unspecialized mycetophilid genera with short mouthparts. We performed phylogenetic analyses using nucleotide sequences of external and internal transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA and reconstructed ancestral floral morphologies with an establishment of the model of floral character evolution under a maximum-likelihood framework. Our analysis indicates that there is significant directionality in the evolutionary shifts of floral forms in the Heucherina. The inferred phylogeny further supports four origins of saucer-shaped flowers, which is shared among 14 species that are traditionally classified into the genus Mitella. In addition, our analysis indicates the extensive polyphyly of genus Mitella, as also suggested previously. The results suggest that the flower-visiting fungus gnats have caused convergent selection for the saucer-shaped flower repeatedly evolved within Heucherina.},
	keywords = {Ancestral state reconstruction, Gnoriste, Heucherina, Mycetophilidae, Myiophily, Pollination specialization, Pollination syndrome, Saxifragaceae},
	doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2007.09.020},
	url = {http://www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/add01/Okuyama_et_al_2008_parallel_floral_adaptions_mitella.pdf},
	author = {Okuyama, Y. and Pellmyr, O. and Kato, M .}
}
