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Merz, B. & Haenni, J.-P., 2000. Morphology and terminology of adult Diptera (other than terminalia). In L.  Papp & Darvas, B., eds. Contributions to a manual of Palaearctic Diptera (with special reference to flies of economic importance). Contributions to a manual of Palaearctic Diptera (with special reference to flies of economic importance).  Budapest: Science Herald, pp. 21-161. Available at: http://www.online-keys.net/sciaroidea/add01/Papp_Darvas_2000_Manual_of_Palaearctic_Diptera_Morphology.pdf.